Sieck et al. (2021) present a compelling framework that positions digital inclusion as a “super” social determinant of health. Their model emphasizes that access to technology alone is insufficient digital literacy and meaningful engagement with digital health tools are essential for improving health outcomes. In Figure 1, digital literacy stands out as the most critical element. Without the skills to navigate digital platforms, individuals cannot fully benefit from available resources, even if they have access.

This framework effectively captures the impact of the digital divide. It connects digital exclusion to systemic health disparities and offers a practical roadmap for intervention. It aligns with social work values by emphasizing the need for structural change to promote equity.

Sanders and Scanlon (2021) deepen this conversation by framing the digital divide as a social justice issue. Their discussion on education and employment was particularly impactful. The COVID-19 pandemic revealed how lack of internet access can hinder students’ learning and adults’ ability to work remotely. Their arguments are persuasive because they link digital access to basic human rights and highlight how marginalized communities are disproportionately affected. They accurately define the problem as a structural inequality rather than a technological inconvenience.

Among the advocacy strategies they propose, policy advocacy—such as supporting California’s “Internet for All Now Act”—is the most promising. It addresses infrastructure and affordability at scale. However, relying solely on nonprofits to close the gap seems unrealistic, given their limited resources and reach.

Craig et al. (2021) offer a concrete example of how digital access intersects with mental health care for LGBTQ+ youth. Their adaptation of affirmative cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to telehealth was especially effective. The AFFIRM program’s use of Zoom and intentional engagement strategies created a safe and affirming space for marginalized youth. This approach directly connects to the concerns raised in the other two articles, demonstrating how digital inclusion can empower vulnerable populations and improve outcomes when thoughtfully implemented.

Together, these articles underscore the urgent need to address digital inequities through advocacy, education, and inclusive service delivery.

References

Craig, S. L., Eaton, A. D., McInroy, L. B., Leung, V. W. Y., & Krishnan, S. (2021). Adapting clinical skills to telehealth: Applications of affirmative cognitive-behavioral therapy with LGBTQ+ youth. Clinical Social Work Journal, 49(4), 395–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-021-00784-1

Sanders, C. K., & Scanlon, E. (2021). The digital divide is a social justice issue: Advancing social inclusion through digital equity. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 39(2), 124–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2021.1915074

Sieck, C. J., Sheon, A., Ancker, J. S., Castek, J., Callahan, B., & Siefer, A. (2021). Digital inclusion as a social determinant of health. NPJ Digital Medicine, 4, 52. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00413-8